Sleep and wakefulness are promoted not by a single neural pathway but via wake or sleep-promoting nodes distributed across layers of the brain.We equate each layer with a brain region in proposing a layered subsumption model for arousal based on a computational architecture.Beyond the brainstem the layers include the diencephalon (hypothalamus, tha
The coccyx, the last segment of the spine, joins the sacrum at the base.It has three to five vertebrae, which are typically fused.In front of the sacrococcygeal junction is the ganglion impar, the only unpaired autonomic ganglion.The two sympathetic chains come to a close there.The impar ganglion is traversed by sympathetic nerves carrying pain fib
Very-high-energy gamma-ray observations of the central part of the Milky Way Galaxy allow for morphological study of cosmic-ray propagation around the supermassive black hole Sgr A*.An interpretation of the diffuse gamma-ray component, which spans a few hundred parsecs in longitude, is the PeVatron scenario: the spectral energy distribution follows
In addition to one of the two species of Trichopolydesmidae hitherto recorded from Cameroon, Polydesmus integratus Porat, 1894, which is revised based on type material and shown to represent the genus Hemisphaeroparia Schubart, 1955, comb.n., 12 new species from the same genus are described from that country: H.zamakoe sp.n., H.bangoulap sp.n., H.s